Centre Party (Finland)

The Centre Party (Finnish: Suomen Keskusta, Kesk; Swedish: Centern i Finland) is a centrist and Nordic agrarian political party in Finland. It is one of the four largest political parties in the country, along with the Social Democratic Party (SDP), the National Coalition Party and the True Finns (PS), and currently has 35 seats in the Finnish Parliament. Its chairman is Mari Kiviniemi, who served as Prime Minister from 2010 to 2011.

Founded in 1908 as the Agrarian League, the party represented rural communities and supported decentralisation of political power from Helsinki. In the 1920s, the party emerged as the main rivals to the Social Democratic Party, and the party's first Prime Minister, Kyösti Kallio, held the office four times between 1922 and 1937. After the Second World War, the party settled as one of the four major parties. Urho Kekkonen served as President of Finland from 1956 to 1982: by far the longest period of any President. The name 'Centre Party' was adopted in 1965, and 'Centre of Finland' in 1988. The Centre Party was the largest party in Parliament from 2003 to 2011, during which time Matti Vanhanen was Prime Minister from seven years. At the 2011 election, the party fell from the largest party to fourth-largest.

Its political influence is greatest in small and rural municipalities, where it often holds a majority of the seats in the municipal councils. Decentralisation is the policy that is most characteristic of the Centre Party. The Centre has been the ruling party in Finland number of times since the Finnish independence. 12 of the Prime Ministers of Finland, three of the presidents and the current European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs have been from the party. The Finnish Centre Party is the mother organisation of Finnish Centre Youth, Finnish Centre Students, and Finnish Centre Women.

History

Founding of the party

The party was founded in 1906 as a movement of citizens in the Finnish countryside. Before Finnish independence, political power in Finland was centralized in the capital and to the estates of the realm. The centralization gave space for a new political movement. In 1906 were founded two agrarian movements which in 1908 merged into one political party: the Agrarian League or Maalaisliitto. An older, related movement was the temperance movement, which had overlapping membership and which gave future Agrarian League activists experience in working in an organization.^[2]

Santeri Alkio's ideology

Soon the ideas of humanity, education, the spirit of the land, peasant-like freedom, decentralization, "the issue of poor people", progressivism,^[3] and later the "green wave" became the main political phrases used to describe the ideology of the party. Santeri Alkio was the most important ideological father of the party.

Defending the republic against monarchists

At the dawn of Finnish independence conservative social forces made an attempt to establish Kingdom of Finland. The Agrarian League opposed monarchism fiercely ^[4] even though monarchists claimed that a new king from the German Empire and Hohenzollern noble family would have safeguarded Finnish foreign relations. The party even threatened by a rebellion of peasants, who would never accept tyranny.^[5][6]

Because even 40 Social Democratic members of the Parliament had escaped to Russia after the Finnish Civil War and 50 had been arrested, were the Agrarian League members of the Parliament almost the only republicans in the Parliament in 1918. Nevertheless, the news about the problems of the German Empire from German liberals encouraged the fight of Agrarian League in the Parliament.^[7]

The Agrarian League managed to maintain the republic voices in the Parliament until the fall of the German Empire, which ruined the dreams of the monarchists.^[8]

The relentless opposition to the monarchy was rewarded in the parliamentary election 1919 and the party became the biggest non-socialist party in Finland with 19,7% of the votes.

Moderate force in post-war Finland

After the 1919 election the Agrarian League with other centrist and progressive forces was a constant member in Finnish Governments. Their moderate attitude in restless post-war Finland secured a steady growth in following elections. The Party formed many centrist minority governments with National Progressive Party and got its first Prime Ministers Kyösti Kallio 1922 and Juho Sunila 1927.

Conciliatory power between the extreme right and left

For the Agrarian League, the centrist governments were just a transitional period towards an era, which would have integrated the red and white sides of the Civil War into one nation. Nevertheless, not everyone were happy with the conciliatory politics of centrist governments. The extreme right Lapua Movement grew bigger and bigger in the Agrarian League strongholds in the countryside. Also some members of the party joined the new radical movement. The Lapua Movement organised assaults and kidnappings in Finland between 1929-1932. In 1930 After the kidnapping of the progressive president Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg the Agrarian League broke off all its ties to the movement and got a new political enemy in the countryside - The Patriotic People's Movement (IKL), which was founded after the Lapua Movement was outlawed.^[9]

In the parliamentary election 1933 the main campaign issues were the differing attitudes towards democracy and the rule of law between the Patriotic Electoral Alliance (National Coalition Party and Patriotic People's Movement) and the Legality Front (Social Democrats, Agrarian League, Swedish People's Party and Progressives). The Patriotic Electoral Alliance favoured continuing the search for suspected Communists - the Communist Party and its affiliated organizations in the spirit of the Lapua Movement. The Legality Front did not want to spend any significant time on searching suspected Communists, but rather wanted to concentrate on keeping the far right in check. The Legality Front won the elections, but the Agrarian League lost a part of its support.^[10][11]

Cooperation with the Social Democrats before World War II

Because of fierce opposition of the President Pehr Evind Svinhufvud the Social Democrats remained outside the government and the Agrarian League was part of the Centre-Right governments until 1937. In 1937 Presidential election the Agrarian League candidate Kyösti Kallio was elected president with the votes of centrist (Agrarian and Progressive) and social democratic coalition which wanted to ensure that President Svinhufvud would not be re-elected. The new president allowed the first Centre-Left government to be formed in Finland. A new era had begun.

World War II

Kekkonen, the centrist statesman

In 1956, Urho Kekkonen, the candidate of the Agrarian League, was elected President of Finland, after serving as Prime Minister several times. Kekkonen remained President until 1982. Kekkonen continued the “active neutrality” policy of his predecessor President Juho Kusti Paasikivi, a doctrine which came to be known as the “Paasikivi–Kekkonen line”. Under it, Finland retained its independence while being able to trade with both NATO members and those of the Warsaw Pact.

Pressure of populism

Veikko Vennamo, a vocal Agrarian politician, ran into serious disagreement particularly with Arvo Korsimo, then Party Secretary of the Agrarian Union, and was excluded from the parliamentary group. As a result, Vennamo immediately started building his own organization and founded a new party, the Finnish Rural Party (Suomen maaseudun puolue, SMP) in 1959. Vennamo was a populist and became a critic of Kekkonen and political corruption within the "old parties", particularly the Centre Party. Although this party had minor successes, it was essentially tied to Veikko Vennamo's person. His son Pekka Vennamo was able to raise the party to new success in 1983, but after this the Rural Party's support declined steadily and eventually the party went bankrupt in 1995. However, immediately after this, the party True Finns (Perussuomalaiset) was founded by former members of SMP.

From Agrarian League to Centre Party

In 1965, the party changed its name to "Centre Party" or Keskustapuolue and in 1988 took its current name Suomen Keskusta (literally Centre of Finland). Despite urbanization of Finland and a temporary nadir in support, the party managed to continue to attract voters.

The Liberal People's Party (LKP) became a 'member party' of the Centre Party in 1982. The two separated again after the success of the Liberal People's Party in Sweden in 1985.^[12]

EU membership - a splitting issue inside the party

The Centre Party was a key player in making the decision to apply for Finnish EU membership in 1992. As the leading governing party its support to the application was crucial. The party itself, both leadership and supporters, was far from united on the issue. In the parliament 22 out of 55 Centre MPs voted against the application. The party congress decided in June 1994 to support the EU membership (by 1607 votes to 834) only after the Prime Minister and party chairman Esko Aho threatened to resign if the party were to oppose the membership.

The centrist tradition to defend equal political and economic rights of peripheries was reflected in the internal resistance opposing chairman Aho's ambitions to lead Finland to the EU.^[13] The Centre Party was in opposition 1995—2003 and opposed adopting the euro as Finland's currency. However, after regaining power in 2003, the party accepted the euro.

Recent developments

The current chairman, Mari Kiviniemi, succeeded Matti Vanhanen as Prime Minister in 2010, serving in the office for one year. At the time she was the third Centre Party Prime Minister of Finland in row. Anneli Jäätteenmäki preceded Vanhanen and she was the first woman as a Prime Minister of Finland.

Finland's EU commisioner Olli Rehn is a member of Centre Party. He has been in the Commission since 2004 and is currently serving as European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs.

The Centre Party was the biggest loser of the 2011 parliamentary election, losing 16 seats and going from largest party to fourth place. The party's support was lower than in any parliamentary election since 1917.

Stance

The ideology of the party is unusual on the European context. Unlike many other big parties in Europe its ideology is not based on economic systems. Rather the ideas of humanity, education, the spirit of the land, peasant-like freedom, decentralization, "the issue of poor people", environmentalism and progressivism play a key role in Centrist politician speeches and writings.^[14]

From the very beginning of its presence, the party has supported the idea of decentralisation.^[15]

Despite belonging to the Liberal International, the Centre Party does not play quite the same role in Finnish politics as do Liberal parties in other countries because it evolved from agrarian roots. The party has a more conservative wing, currently in opposition to the liberals. Leading figures of the conservative wing, such as Paavo Väyrynen, have recently criticized overt economic and social liberalism.^[16] In addition, in 2010 the party congress voted to oppose same-sex marriage.^[17]

The party is also divided on the issue of deepening European integration,^[18] and contains a notable eurosceptic faction based on its more rural interests. The party expressly rejects a federal Europe. The party was originally opposed to membership of the Euro, but later stated that it would not seek to withdraw from the Economic and Monetary Union once Finland had entered.

In Finland, there is no large party that supports liberalism per se. Instead, liberalism is found in most major parties including the Centre Party, which supports decentralisation, free will, free and fair trade, and small enterprise. The Centre Party characteristically supports decentralisation, particularly decreasing the central power, increasing the power of municipalities and populating the country evenly. During the party's premierships 2003—2011 these policies were also manifested as transferals of certain government agencies from the capital to smaller cities in the regions.

Throughout the period of Finland's independence the Centre Party has been the party most often represented in the government. The country's longest-serving president, Urho Kekkonen, was from the party, as were two other presidents.

Today, only a small portion (about 5%) of the votes given to the party come from farmers and the Centre Party draws support from a wide range of professions. However, even today rural Finland and small towns form the strongest base of support for the party, although it has worked toward making a breakthrough in the major southern cities as well. In the 2011 parliamentary election the party received only 4.5 per cent of votes cast in the capital Helsinki, compared to 33.4 per cent in the largely rural electoral district of Oulu.^[19]

Organisation

Party structure

In the organisation of the Centre Party, local associations dominate the election of party leaders, the selection of local candidates and drafting of policy. The Headquarters in Apollonkatu, Helsinki leads financing and organisation of elections.

The party has 2.500 local associations ^[20], which have 160.000 individual members^[21]. The local associations elect their representatives to the Party Congress, which elects the party leadership and decide on policy. The local associations form also 21 regional organisations, which have also their representatives in the Party Congress.

The Party Congress is the highest decision making body of the party. It elects the Chairman, three Deputy Chairmen, the Secretary General and the Party Council.

The Party Council with 135 members is the main decision making body between the Party Congresses. The Party Council elects the Party Government (excluding the leaders elected by the Party Congress) and the Working Committee. The Party Council, the Party Government and the Working Committee must have at least 40% represantation of both sexes.

The Finnish Centre Youth, Finnish Centre Students and Finnish Centre Women have their own local and regional organisations, which also name their representatives to the Party Congress.

Current leaders

Chairman

• Mari Kiviniemi, (Born in Seinäjoki 27 September 1968), ex-Prime Minister, Member of Parliament

Deputy Chairmen

• Annika Saarikko, (Born in Oripää 10 November 1983), Member of Parliament
• Timo Kaunisto, (Born in Seinäjoki 27 January 1963), ex-Member of Parliament, Farmer
• Tuomo Puumala, (Born in Kaustinen 3 April 1982), Member of Parliament

Secretary General

• Timo Laaninen, (Born in Kaustinen 1 July 1954)

Chairman of the Parliamentary Group

• Kimmo Tiilikainen, (Born in Ruokolahti 17 August 1966)

Deputy Chairmen of the Parliamentary Group

• Anne Kalmari, (Born in Kivijärvi 20 April 1968)
• Juha Sipilä, (Born in Veteli 25 April 1961)

International organisations

The party is a member of the Liberal International and the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party and subscribes to the liberal manifestos of these organisations. Its members in the European Parliament are members of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe. The Centre Party has been a full member of the Liberal International since 1988, having first joined as an observer member in 1983.^[22]

Prominent party leaders

List of party presidents

Elections

See also

• Liberalism and centrism in Finland

Sources

• Vares, Vesa; Mikko Uola; Mikko Majander (2006). Demokratian haasteet 1907–1919, article in the book Kansanvalta koetuksella. Helsinki: Edita. ISBN 951-37-4543-0. 
• Vares, Vesa (1998). Kuninkaan tekijät: Suomalainen monarkia 1917–1919. Myytti ja todellisuus.. Porvoo-Helsinki-Juva: WSOY. ISBN 951-0-23228-9. 

References

External links

• (Finnish) Official website
• (Swedish) Centre Party: Swedish-speaking section
• (English) Website in English
• (Finnish) Youth organizations official website